![]() Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep-wake cycle. 4:294.īraun AR, Balkin TJ, Wesenten NJ, et al. Heart rate variability in normal and pathological sleep. Tobaldini E, Nobili L, Strada S, Casali KR, Braghiroli A, Montano N. Coming to grips with a "new" state of consciousness: the study of rapid-eye-movement sleep in the 1960s. Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms. 25:S14-S20.Įspana, Rodrigo A, Scammell, Thomas E. A Brief History of Hypocretin/Orexin and Narcolepsy. Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep. Traumatic Brain Injury - A Clinician's Guide to Diagnosis, Management, and Rehabilitation. Sleep/Wake Disturbances in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Vinnytsia, Ukraine: Nova Knyha Publishers 2011. Principals and Practice of Sleep Medicine. Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, W Lowell, Berry JQ. ![]() Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2018. The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications. The NREM–REM cycles vary in length from 70 to 100 minutes initially to 90 to120 minutes later in the night.īerry RB, Albertario CL, Harding SM, et al. The REM period becomes progressively longer through the night where the first REM period of the night may be less than 10 minutes in duration, while the last may exceed 60 minutes. REM sleep follows NREM sleep and occurs 4–5 times during a normal 8-hour sleep period. ![]() When delta waves account for more than 20% of the sleep EEG, the sleep stage is considered to be stage N3. ![]() NREM sleep typically begins in the lighter stages (N1 and N2) and progressively deepens to slow-wave sleep as evidenced by higher-voltage delta waves. Waking usually transitions into light NREM sleep. The REM period length and density of eye movements increase throughout the sleep cycle. Tonic REM is a parasympathetically driven state with no eye movements, decreased EEG amplitude, and atonia. The phasic component is a sympathetically driven state with rapid eye movements, distal muscle twitches, cardiorespiratory variability, and middle ear muscle activity. REM sleep has tonic and phasic components. Stage R sleep (REM sleep) is characterized by decreased EEG amplitude, muscle atonia, autonomic variability, and episodic rapid eye movement. As NREM stages progress, stronger stimuli are required to result in an awakening. NREM sleep is further divided into progressively deeper stages of sleep: stage N1 (NREM 1), stage N2 (NREM 2), and stage N3 (NREM 3). Normal sleep is divided into non–rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. ![]()
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